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Message Queuing Telemetry Transport Protocol
Network Protocol A network protocol is a standardized set of rules procedures and conventions that govern how data is formatted transmitted and received between devices on a network These protocols ensure that devices regardless of their manufacturer operating system or hardware can communicate reliably and efficiently enabling the seamless exchange of information across networks. Network…
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IT, OT, IoT, and IIoT Networks
Computer Network A computer network is a system of interconnected devices such as computers, servers, routers, and other hardware that communicate to share data, resources, and services. Networks create pathways and infrastructure for the flow of information between devices, enabling activities such as sending emails, browsing the web, streaming video, or participating in video calls.…
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Operating System Filesystem
Windows File System The Windows File System is basically how Windows organizes, stores, and manages all the data on a computer’s drives. Linux-Based OS File System The Linux-based OS File System is how Linux-based OS organizes, stores, and manages all the data on a computer’s drives. Windows vs Linux-Based OS
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Microcomputer Operating System Forensics
Online (Live) Digital Forensics Online digital forensics is conducted while the system is running and may be connected to a network. This approach captures volatile data, such as RAM contents, running processes, network connections, open files, and active sessions, information that would be lost if the system were shut down. This method is particularly useful…
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Hardening Microcomputer Operating Systems
IoT Security IoT Security involves safeguarding Internet of Things (IoT) devices and the networks they connect to from unauthorized access, misuse, data breaches, and other cyber threats. IoT devices frequently operate with limited computing power, minimal built-in security, and are deployed in large numbers, making them attractive targets for attackers seeking to exploit vulnerabilities. A…
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Microcomputers
Microcomputer (SBC) Also known as a system-on-a-chip (SoC) or single-board computer (SBC), this type of device is a compact, integrated unit that combines most of the essential components of a traditional computer onto a single circuit board or chip. It typically includes a central processing unit (CPU), memory, input/output interfaces, and, sometimes, specialized components such…
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Microcontrollers
Microcontroller (MC) A microcontroller is a compact, integrated computing device designed to perform specific, dedicated tasks rather than general-purpose computing. Unlike a typical computer, a microcontroller does not run a full operating system; instead, it executes a single program or set of instructions stored in its memory to control or interact with hardware devices. Microcontrollers…
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Microcontroller v.s. Microcomputer
Microcontroller (MC, UC, μC, or MCU) A microcontroller is a compact, integrated computing device designed to perform specific, dedicated tasks rather than general-purpose computing. Unlike a typical computer, a microcontroller does not run a full operating system. Instead, it executes a single program or set of instructions stored in its memory to control or interact…
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Python Reading and Writing Files
Read From File To read from the file, you can use the open function to open the file. It opens it and returns a file object that users can use to read or modify the content of that file. The syntax is open(file_name, mode), the file_name is the name of the file you want to…
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Python Input
Input The input function is used to get input from the user in string data type (If the user enters [1,2,3], it will be “[1,2,3]” – it becomes a string, not a list) Example age = input(“Enter your age: “) # Prompt the user to enter their age; the input is returned as a stringprint(“Your…